ADVANTAGES OF HYPOTHESIS.

ADVANTAGES OF HYPOTHESIS:-

1.     A hypothesis helps the researcher to decide the size of sample, gather relevant data and analyse it. It acts as a guide which gives directions before proceeding from one step to another.

2.     Hypothesis protects a researcher form wasting time in gathering irrelevant facts and data.

3.     Hypothesis is basis of the entire research study. A well articulated hypothesis helps in drawing desired finding which can be tested objectively.

Formulation of hypothesis is not an easy task as it requires a strong theoretical and practical knowledge of the subject and also the scientific methods of formulation of hypothesis.

METHODS OF HYPOTHESIS TESTING.

METHODS OF HYPOTHESIS TESTING.

After collection of data is valid or not, hypothesis testing is performed. After testing the hypothesis is the researcher decides either to accept or reject the hypothesis. There are two methods to deal with the hypothesis testing:

1.     Parametric test :- It is based on the properties of the parent population from which we draw sample. Parent population means the original population.

For example: The assumption are taken from this population only. It is  the normal population. The sample size is large and the parameters like means, etc. should be accurate.

2.     Non-Parametric test :– Due to some situations researcher does not make assumption. Thus they are called non-parametric tests. These tests are based on the measurement equivalent to at least an interval scale. Non-parametric tests need more observation the parametric test.

Sources of Hypothesis.

Sources of Hypothesis-

 (1) General Culture in which a Science Develops, (2) Scientific Theory, (3) Analogies, and (4) Consequences of Personal, Idiosyncratic Experience as the Sources of Hypothesis.

 

1. General Culture in which a Science Develops: A cultural pattern influences the thinking process of the people and the hypothesis may be formulated to test one or more of these ideas. Cultural values serve to direct research interests. The function of culture has been responsible for developing today’s science to a great dimension. In the words of Goode and Hatt, “to say that the hypotheses are the product of the cultural values does not make them scientifically less important than others, but it does at least indicate that attention has been called to them by the culture itself.

For example in the Western society race is thought to be an important determinant of human behaviour. Such a proposition can be used to formulate a hypothesis. We may also cite metaphysical bias and metaphysical ideas of Indian culture to have been responsible for the formulation of certain types of hypotheses.

2. Scientific Theory: A major source of hypothesis is theory. A theory binds a large body of facts by positing a consistent and lawful relationship among a set of general concepts representing those facts. Further generalizations are formed on the basis of the knowledge of theory. Corollaries are drawn from the theories.

These generalizations or corollaries constitute a part of hypothesis. Since theories deal with abstractions which cannot be directly observed and can only remain in the thought process, a scientific hypothesis which is concerned with observable facts and observable relationship between facts can only be used for the purpose of selecting some of the facts as concrete instances of the concepts and for making a tentative statement about the existence of a relation among the selected facts with the purpose of subjecting the relation to an empirical test.”

3. Analogies: Observation of a similarity between two phenomena may be a source of formation of a hypothesis aimed at testing similarity in any other respect. Julian Huxley has pointed out that “casual observation in nature or in the framework of another science may be a fertile source of hypothesis. The success of a system in one discipline can be used in other discipline also. The theory of ecology is based on the observation of certain plants in certain geographical conditions. As such, it remains in the domain of Botany. On the basis of that the hypothesis of human ecology could be conceived.

Hypothesis of social physics is also based on analogy. “When the hypothesis was born out by social observation, the same term was taken into sociology. It has become an important idea in sociological theory”. Although analogy is not always considered, at the time of formulation of hypothesis; it is generally satisfactory when it has some structural analogies to other well established theories. For the systematic simplicity of our knowledge, the analogy of a hypothesis becomes inversely helpful. Formulation of an analogous hypothesis is construed as an achievement because by doing so its interpretation is made easy.

4. Consequences of Personal, Idiosyncratic Experience as the Sources of Hypothesis:

Not only culture, scientific theory and analogies provide the sources of hypothesis, but also the way in which the individual reacts to each of these is also a factor in the statement of hypotheses. Certain facts are present, but every one of us is not able to observe them and formulate a hypothesis.

Referring to Fleming’s discovery of penicillin, Backrach has maintained that such discovery is possible only when the scientist is prepared to be impressed by the ‘unusual’. An unusual event struck Fleming when he noted that the dish containing bacteria had a green mould and the bacteria were dead. Usually he would have washed the dish and have attempted once again to culture the bacteria.

But normally, he was moved to bring the live bacteria in close contact with the green mould, resulting in the discovery of penicillin. The example of Sir Issac Newton, the discoverer of the theory of Gravitation, is another glaring example of this type of ‘personal experience’.